Future Video
on Demand |
| Video Streaming |
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| On-Line Learning |
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| Web Enabling of Curriculum |
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nformation and communications
technologies are having a major impact on
education. Technology provides the means to deliver an enriched learning
experience anytime, anywhere and to anyone. Technology provides the means to
greatly expand the teaching capacity of our educational institutions. One of
the specific new technologies that is expanding learning opportunities is
Video-on-Demand (Streaming Video). This proposal defines the scope of the
project, identifies issues and provides an initial action plan for project
implementation. The purpose of this project is to bring together the right
public and private sector partners to establish a leading edge Video on
Demand (VoD) service. Ensuring the involvement of all the partners in the
planning and implementation of the VoD service is essential to the
identification and resolution of any and all issues that are critical to the
success of the service.
What is Video-on Demand? Video-on-Demand systems enable multiple users to receive video, including both complete video programs and specific clips, in real time, and directly from a video or media server.
The Bibliocentre has initiated a far-sighted and innovative process that will lead to the development of a Video-on-Demand Service (VoD) for the Colleges of Ontario and other Bibliocentre clients. The VoD Service also has the potential to be of interest to other educational and related institutions in Ontario and in other parts of Canada and the world.
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The Working Vision for the VoD project is: A high-bandwidth, full screen/full motion picture video distribution system to all of Ontario's Colleges with a gateway to the rest of the world. |
A coordinated approach will provide VoD services that range from the highest broadband standard of full motion/uncompressed resolution videos to encoded and compressed video. The level of service selected by the user will depend on the technology and connectivity that is available to the user. The service will be based on the highest common technology denominator, but will let the system deliver to the lowest common technology denominator
Why has The Bibliocentre initiated this project? The Bibliocentre has established itself as a critical resource for Ontario's colleges and other institutions across Canada. Its core function is adding value by organizing information. This function is particularly important for digital information. The Bibliocentre has pioneered the concept of the digital library in post-secondary education. Video is just one more format in which information is presented; streaming video is the next logical step in a continuum of providing organized access to information.
Enhanced student learning is the primary outcome of Video on Demand.
Scenario - A Student and an Instructor using Video on Demand
Fall Semester 2001
A nursing student is accessing the campus network from
his notebook computer, connected through one of the universal access ports
in the Student Lounge at a college in Northern Ontario.
A floor above, a faculty member is preparing for a class she will teach the following morning for an automotive course.
During class later today, the nursing student will have to demonstrate his proficiency in the technique of administering an injection. He has seen it demonstrated by his instructor, has read the procedure several times over from the print text that forms part of his course resource material. Neither of these teaching/learning methods has given him the comfort level he needs for this afternoon's assignment. What has resonated with him, however, is the video that was shown 3 days earlier during a class.
Using the customized search engine, he searches the curriculum backup database using the keyword he remembers from the title of the video and locates it within seconds. He then enters an advanced search for the short section that shows a close up of the injection site preparation. Within seconds, the search results appear on the screen. He clicks on the icon and the tape segment showing a close-up of the injection site preparation appears on his computer screen. He plays it, re-plays it, makes a note and then asks the search engine for the film segments immediately before and after what he has just seen. Four choices appear. He selects each in turn and is able to view close-ups of the demonstrator's hands holding the syringe in the correct manner, filling the syringe, expelling air bubbles, and the injection itself. He then sees the follow-up - swab the site, apply pressure, cover with a sterile dressing. Satisfied, and with a much higher comfort level, he logs off and joins his buddies for lunch.
In the meantime, the Instructor has been accessing the same curriculum backup database, looking for extra resources for her students who are having trouble understanding how electronic ignitions work. Realizing that what is needed is a specific visual demonstration; she follows a process very similar to that which the nursing student has just followed. She locates the specific tape clips she needs, downloads them and adds the information to her lesson plan for tomorrow. This entire system works because of the successful development of a metadata index by the Bibliocentre, the College Resource Centres and the other diverse partners in the Video on demand project, which was completed in time for the Fall Semester 2001.
1. INTRODUCTION
In the minds of many computer users, Video-on-demand (VoD), digital
video and streaming video are becoming synonymous with multimedia.
Specifically, VoD uses digital video to enable a user to connect to a video
server and select a video program from a digital video library. The user is
able to request the video at any time. Digital video will soon replace
common analog media (videotape), particularly for non-entertainment uses.
Both formats (digital and analog) will, nonetheless be in use for the
immediate future.
Video programs are now used regularly to provide and enhance educational opportunities in the classroom and through use by individual students studying independently or as an augmentation the classroom and lecture hall. With the digitization of video products it is now possible to provide a centralized video-on-demand service. A shared VoD service has the potential to provide a selection of videos that is greater than that provided by any single educational institution: the service could be provided simultaneously to a wide range of institutional and individual users.
The Bibliocentre is committed to working with college libraries to enable faster and easier access to the information that is essential in learning-centered environments. The Bibliocentre currently offers centralized library services and access to electronic databases to college libraries across Ontario and to clients in other Canadian provinces.
Because the Bibliocentre has a mandate to offer centralized services, it is positioned to offer video-on-demand services to colleges and other clients. Effective VoD technology is relatively new therefore issues such as licensing must be resolved. As with many new technologies, use patterns often precede "rules and regulations". VoD services will be developed following an evolutionary path that allows for an ongoing assessment and evaluation of the technology as well as the pedagogical impact of the services themselves. An evolutionary approach to the implementation of VoD services will give the Bibliocentre, the colleges, and the video and technology suppliers an opportunity to experiment with the service, and resolve any outstanding issues while the VoD service is being established.
The proposal is based on discussions that took place at a Blue
Ribbon Committee meeting held at the Bibliocentre on September 14, 2000, and
on a concept paper prepared by ASM Advanced Strategic Management
Consultants. The participants at the Blue Ribbon Committee Meeting included:
- Blair Dimock, Director, Strategic Planning/New Media, TVO
- Janice Hayes, Executive Director, The Bibliocentre
- Gary Karlsen, Director New Media, Magic Lantern Communications Ltd.
- Raisa Levine, National Film Board
- David Plant, Market Development Manager-Entertainment, Silicon Graphics Canada
- Meir Revivo, manager, Learning and Resource Centres Media Services, Centennial College
- Peter Van Tienen, Manager, Academic Technologies, Seneca College
- Terry Verity, Chief Information Officer, Seneca College and,
- Maureen Cubberley, Partner, ASM Advanced Strategic Management Consultants
- Stan Skrzeszewski, Partner, ASM Advanced Strategic Management Consultants
A second meeting was held December 6, 2000, at which time the project and proposal were defined further.
2. PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
The purpose of this project is to bring together the right public and private sector partners to establish a leading edge VoD service. Involving all the partners in the planning and implementation of the VoD service will help to identify and resolve the issues inherent in the success of the service. In the broadest sense, these include:- Technology
- Pedagogy
- Partnerships Content/Licensing
- Training
- Funding
Specifically, implementation of the VoD service will:
- Enable the development, demonstration and assessment of new VoD technologies and applications. These include the delivery of high clarity, full-motion video to the classroom, educators and students using dedicated connections or dial-up modems, full screen VHS quality at mainstream broadband rates, and near DVD-quality video to those using high capacity networks or downloaded media.
- Assess the educational effectiveness of VoD technology. This will include the use of VoD in distance learning.
- Demonstrate the benefits and effectiveness of a VoD service to the colleges and other Bibliocentre clients.
- Explore the effectiveness of public/private sector partnerships. § Enable the development of skills in the new technologies.
- Open a new channel of information transfer for educational institutions. Educational users will gain the capability to browse and query linked text, video and audio databases and author video modules. This technology will greatly enhance availability of multimedia information to teachers and will add substantial value to the educational process.
- Provide an opportunity to explore the interaction between learners and the new media.
- Set up prototype databases for linked text and video services and products that will support new educational initiatives.
- Provide for the development of VoD metadata. Automatic super indexing/annotating (metadata) of a video library is required to provide enhanced access to video resources. VoD requires a searchable database component for locating titles by category, age level, detailed content annotations etc. The tags assigned to these categories are generally known as metadata. The trial will include the development of a prototype database for linked text and video services. A browsing tool is required to search the metadata.
- Determine the best practices for a digital video library including the structure, storage and administration of a digital video library.
- Examine the costs of VoD services and technology for all the partners.
- Develop additional products as by-products of the service, which may
produce new revenue opportunities. Some examples of potential revenue
streams are:
- Marketing new methods of identifying the creation and origin of content, i.e. a customized approach to the creation of content by means of advanced cataloguing methods: metadata can be used for 'learning object manipulation and management', a process whereby individual components of a video can be isolated, enhanced and used in a variety of scenarios as customized teaching/learning tools.
- Marketing new standards (standards) for video metadata ü Marketing new training techniques and training content related to VoD service.
- Providing service to individual learners ü Providing services to a global marketplace
3. DEFINITION AND BENEFITS OF VIDEO-ON-DEMAND
Video-on-Demand or Streaming Video is the process through which multiple users receive video directly from a video or media server in real time, either synchronously or asynchronously. Video programs or files are stored centrally on a host server and streamed on-demand to the client's desktop, in the same way that application software is used on a network. VoD may be made available over an Intranet (LAN or WAN) or the Internet.
"Digital Video programs are stored, accessed and displayed much
like other computer files. Digital video is tape less: programs reside
either on a compact disc (CD) or on the hard drive of a central media
server. Program files are opened and played on a computer desktop in
much the same way as a word processor file is retrieved and brought to
the screen as a document. A digital video program plays on a personal
computer as well as a VHS tape does in a VCR, if not better. Image size
may be adjusted on-screen. Digital video programs may be viewed
independently on workstations, shared over a computer network, displayed
on a television, or projected to a large screen for group viewing".
A video-on-demand service offers many benefits over a traditional
videotape service including :
- less physical space required for storage of programs.
- rapid search and play q clear image at slow, fast, or still (paused) playback speeds.
- image may be sized to user specifications q duplicate copies are not needed if programs are stored on a server.
- multiple, synchronous users of same program streamed from a server through a network.
- interactivity: video clips or "learning objects" can be created easily and integrated with other on-line courseware.
- older video titles can be "recycled" with selected segment access.
- will not deteriorate with use or time.
- program security with password protection
4. THE BIBLIOCENTRE
The Bibliocentre is an agency for Ontario College Resource Centres and is funded separately by the Ontario Ministry of Education and Training. The purpose of the Bibliocentre is to anticipate and meet the current and future needs of its users by:- acting as a change agent in the application of emerging technologies.
- providing effective cooperative services and system-wide cost savings.
- providing access to electronic learning resources and automated systems for all colleges.
- developing and maintaining centralized networks.
- supporting the development and distribution of training materials.
- consulting with stakeholders and partners, and maintaining a customer-based, continuous improvement approach
The Bibliocentre is mandated to provide direction with regard to new
technologies, such as, video-on-demand and to provide such services on a
cooperative basis to its clients.
2* Magic Lantern Communication. http://www.magiclantern.ca/digvideoindex.htm
3* Magic Lantern Communication. http://www.magiclantern.ca/digvideoindex.htm
The Bibliocentre.
4*b http://www.bibliocentre.ca
5. PROJECT SCOPE
Working Vision|
The working vision for the VoD project is: A high-bandwidth, full screen/full motion picture video distribution system to all of Ontario's Colleges with a gateway to the rest of the world. |
The Bibliocentre will coordinate the delivery of VoD services ranging from the highest broadband standard of full motion/uncompressed resolution videos to encoded and compressed video. The level of service selected by the user will depend on the technology and connectivity that is available to the user. The service will be based on the highest common technology denominator, but will let the technology deliver to the lowest technology denominator.
Although the Bibliocentre may choose to operate a video server, its main role will be to act as a gateway to numerous video servers. This gateway function will enable the highest possible return on investment. Group buying will facilitate the development of more complete and comprehensive collections than any one institution could hope to achieve single-handedly; more resources will enable more access, and subsequently more students will be able to use the materials. As envisioned, colleges will do the selection within the context of a purchasing pool, thus their autonomy will be retained and their dollars will go farther. The objective therefore is to provide more resources to more students and at the same time increase buying power of the members of the consortium.
Canada has a model educational system that is of interest to much of the world. Many students beyond Canada's borders are being served by Canada's educational system through distance education services. The VoD service has the potential to become an exportable educational product and to provide a revenue stream.
Step
1: Business Plan
The first step is to create a business plan to
support the development and implementation of a full VoD service by The
Bibliocentre and its partners. The business plan must include:
- The Vision for the VoD project.
- The project partners and their roles.
- The benefits of the VoD service, with emphasis on content and the distance education components.
- A review of existing VoD models and their business cases.
- The future market and potential revenue streams for VoD services.
- The costs and cost-effectiveness of VoD.
- he business plan will form the basis for grant applications.
Step 2: Technology Assessment
The second step will consist of a detailed technology assessment.
The assessment will include research into:
- The digital archiving requirements and availability.
- The bandwidth requirements and availability.
- The technology (hardware and software) requirements and availability.
- The number of synchronous streams that are required.
- The storage requirements for VoD.
- The platforms that are available, and an assessment of which ones work best.
- The scalability of the system.
Step 3: Develop Grant Applications.
The business plan will be adapted to present a compelling case, and to meet
the requirements of the granting agencies.
Step 4: Video-on-Demand Service
The last step will be full implementation of a VoD service. Although the
service will be available to all colleges and other Bibliocentre client
institutions, each potential VoD user will make its own decision as to when
it requires the service and when its systems are ready to use it. The
implementation of the VoD service will be an evolutionary process based on
individual client choice.
6. ISSUES
6.1 TechnologyVoD is a developing technology that is nearing a state of maturity. There are still technological issues to be resolved when launching a VoD service. Some of the technological issues that confront a VoD system are :
- VoD technology is not yet as robust as that used for access and delivery of electronic text files; however, improvements in VoD technology are now coming at an accelerating pace. Robust video and audio file sharing across multiple vendor client/server platforms is becoming a reality.
- Special server technologies are required. Video client/server systems are proprietary in nature. Moving products from one system to another may require re-coding of video assets, or, re-authoring of Web pages that provide access to the video assets
- File format support requires specific encoder systems. Video encoder cards accept analog input from a VCR or a video camera and convert the analog format into a digital video file. The current encoding formats include M-JPEG, MPEG-1, editable MPEG, MPEG-2, Microsoft's Video for Windows/ActiveMovie, and Apple's QuickTime.
- High-speed networks with huge storage volumes are required.
Scalability is the key. Archives will need to scale to many terabytes. The
connectivity may be inadequate for streaming video in many locations. It may
be difficult to deliver videos to "distant" students. However, the
availability of broadband connectivity is increasing dramatically. The
Government of Canada recently established a National Broadband Task Force.
To cite another application, cell phones may soon have broadband capability.
As a recent Maclean's article stated:
"Probably by late 2003, broadband should make cell phone data speeds equivalent to those of a good corporate network (two megabits per second or more). At that rate, the phones will be able to download full-colour images, streaming video and CD-quality audio"
- There are a number of digital streaming video standards that are currently in use including:
- ITU-T Standards (International Telecommunications Union) H.261, H.263 Video coding standards.
- Moving Pictures Expert Group (MPEG) Standards MPEG1, MPEG2 (the current video compression standard), MPEG4 (basic standard under development) and MPEG7 (multimedia content description interface - in early development).
- Firewalls or proxy servers can prevent video streaming from external sources, as they allow internal addressing only.
5Digital Video for the Next Millennium: A White Paper. Video Development Institute, 1999. http://sunsite.utk.edu/video.
The technology considerations for this project will be examined in light of the project's primary objective - delivery of high quality content to as many students as possible. Clearly, the collaborative model discussed earlier will be most appropriate for acquiring access to broadband networks.
Collaborative technology projects = cost savings = enhanced opportunities for learning
6.2 Pedagogy
The new information and communication technologies are having a major impact
on education. The increasing ease with which video clips can be extracted
and organized is constantly transforming them into new learning tools. The
use of video clips or VoD allows for their reconstituting "for a wide
variety of presentation formats, teaching and learning styles, resource
integration, assets cataloguing and student pacing" . VoD is also
having an impact on distance education. The increasing availability of
bandwidth and connectivity is improving the ability of faculty and learners
to use VoD. However, the potential of VoD in teaching and in learning is not
well understood. There is a significant difference in pedagogy between
face-to-face learning and in on-line or distance learning. The need for
teacher and student training in the use of VoD services is discussed in
section 6.5 of this report. Focus groups with teachers and students will be
required to assess their VoD needs and to identify other issues relating to
the service.
6.3 Content/Licensing (Rights Management)
The video content for the VoD service will have to be selected and the
rights to use the video will have to be negotiated. Digital video products
are protected under The Copyright Act and regulations. In order to obtain
copyright clearance from the owners of video materials The Bibliocentre
should negotiate digital content licenses for the materials that are offered
through the VoD service. This can be a complicated process since many video
products are co-productions and therefore, in these cases the rights to one
video must be obtained from many sources. Another important content issue is
the development of metadata. Metadata are the terms that are used to label
learning resources such as video. Metadata are defined as fields such as
author, title, credits, learning level, objectives, platform and user
rights. Metadata becomes even more important when indexing and organizing a
series of video clips, and thus transforming them into learning objects.
6.4 Partnerships
A Blue Ribbon Committee consisting of some of the potential
partners has been established. The members of the Blue Ribbon Panel
represent some of the institutions and organizations with the expertise and
resources that will help to make an education video-on-demand service a
reality. The partners identified to date include:
- The Bibliocentre
- TV Ontario
- Magic Lantern Communications Ltd., and Sonoptic Technologies Inc. (digital video subsidiary of Magic Lantern)
- National Film Board of Canada
- Seneca College, office of the Chief Information Officer (CIO)
- SGI Canada
- Centennial College LRC
Other Partners: Other partners are being considered and will be added to the Blue Ribbon Committee as project implementation proceeds. These potential partners include:
- Other potential users of the VoD service, such as the Toronto District School Board or the Toronto Catholic District School Board; Universities
- Other strategic partners, such as the members of a VoD trial currently underway in Alberta or Novanet a consortium of academic libraries in Nova Scotia; SchoolNet
- Members of teaching faculties who would inform the project on pedagogical issues.
- A representative from Vice-Presidents, Academic.
- A representative from the Committee on Distributed Learning
- Other related technology firms and organizations, such as, CISCO, Star Choice, Nortel, NRC, Digital Media Institute (Ryerson). Emphasis should be placed on identifying the firms and organizations that are positioning themselves around learning and content services, as their participation would be extremely valuable and mutually beneficial.
An endorsement for the project will be sought from the Ontario Teacher's Federation. Roles: Each partner's, or category of partners', roles will be identified. For example, responsibility for the different elements of VoD, such as content, metadata, server technology, connectivity and usage could be assigned to various partners. The participants at the September 14, 2000 identified potential roles for some of the partners. The partners would also be asked to bring their expertise to the building of a Proof of Concept that includes the following elements:
- Build a service that is scaleableConduct trials
- Conduct an assessment ('proof it')
- Establish a process for working with partners
Potential Roles for Some of the Partners:
The Bibliocentre
Magic Lantern Communications Inc.
is interested in offering its VideoBase
product as a metadata generator to create the metadata standard. VideoBase
is a software-based indexing tool for MPEG digital video files. The
VideoBase Editor is used to create tables of content and indexes, as well as
text annotations. Through this system users have random access to the video
programs and custom playlist creation with a point and click interface.
SGI Canada
considers VoD and video streaming technologies to be very important.
SGI would support network infrastructure development and can supply the
required video servers and software.
Colleges
Discussion is progressing with
all colleges in Ontario. Seneca College is already planning its own VoD
service and is prepared to commit equipment and support to the project.
Seneca considers technology and video as an integral part of the learning
process and is working to see technology as a ubiquitous component of
education. Centennial College LRC will support the project fully and is very
interested in participating in the development of the business plan.
6.5
Training
Training in the use and integration of VoD technologies and video
metadata will be essential for long-term effectiveness of VoD as a delivery
mechanism for educational material and instruction. Faculty and students
must be trained in the pedagogical use of VoD and learn how to integrate VoD
into the educational process. Determining the best ways to provide the
training will be important. Several different training modules will be
required, such as a specific pedagogical training module that is designed to
help the teacher, and a student module designed to assist a student with
learning.
The training techniques and the training content developed as part of the VoD service will have other applications and will be of value to other jurisdictions.
6.6 Funding
A funding strategy must be developed to
support the development, implementation and ongoing management of a VoD
service. The funding strategy could include:
- Ongoing support from the partners involved in the VoD service.
- Fees from the institutions participating in the VoD service.
- Support from potential funding agencies such as:
The Ontario Ministry of Energy, Science and Technology - The Ontario Research and Innovation Optical Network (ORION) now called Optical Research Advanced Networks Ontario (ORANO) http://www.onet.on.ca/oranorfi/07.htm is a network that will extend to colleges, universities and research institutes in Ontario.
The Bibliocentre and its partners may wish to prepare a proposal to provide some of the content delivery for ORANO. Content delivery could include the delivery of all electronic products, including video and audio streaming. Canadian Foundation for Innovation (http://www.innovation.ca) The Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI) is an independent corporation by the federal government to strengthen Canadian capability for research. Its mandate is to increase the capability of Canadian universities, colleges, hospitals, and other not-for-profit institutions to carry out world-class scientific research and technology development. To implement its mandate, the CFI promotes innovation by investing in research infrastructure, jointly with institutions and their funding partners.
CANARIE Learning Program
(http://www.canarie.ca/funding/flearning.html#outline)
The overall objective of the CANARIE Learning Program is to act as a
catalyst to Canada's becoming a world leader in the use of advanced,
broadband networks in the development and delivery of education and
training. The specific program goals are to encourage innovative projects
that will develop advanced applications and reduce structural barriers to
the effective use of broadband networks in this sector.
Human Resources Development Canada - Office of Learning Technologies http://olt-bta.hrdc-drhc.gc.ca
Industry Canada - The Connecting Canadians Agenda http://strategis.ic.gc.ca
The Video on Demand / Streaming Video Project will also investigate the most appropriate uses of wireless applications, particularly in non-urban areas.
7. EVALUATION
An initial set of evaluation criteria has been established to effectively measure the success of VoD services. The evaluation criteria include:- A technical assessment of the effectiveness of the VoD technology, including interoperability, scalability, connectivity.
- Feedback from the colleges on the effectiveness of VoD.
- Feedback from college faculty on the instructional and pedagogical effectiveness of VoD.
- Feedback from students on the learning effectiveness of VoD.
- Feedback from the colleges on the benefits of cost-sharing.
8. ACTION PLAN
The following action plan was developed at the Blue Ribbon Committee meeting held on September 14, 2000. The action steps are not intended as a linear plan, as some of the action steps can happen simultaneously or in any other logical order.1. "Letters of Intent" should be solicited from the proposed partners in the project. The partners should be asked to include a statement of commitment to the project in the letters. It has been suggested that the letters be solicited as soon as possible.
2. Based on the "Letters of Intent" a Steering Committee for the project should be formed. The Steering Committee will provide a common forum where VoD issues can be brought forward. Sub-Committees should also be formed that will take on the responsibility for specific VoD areas, such as Technology, Pedagogy and Contents/Rights. Steering Committee members should be decision-makers, that is, individuals with the authority to act on behalf of their institutions/organizations so that the project can move ahead decisively and as quickly as possible.
3. A communications package that explains the project to other interested parties should be prepared. The package should state clearly the nature of the project, and how the project is being managed, and by whom, An important part of the communications package will be a Demonstration Project. A lobbyist for the project should also be identified.
4. The Business Plan described in Section 5 of this report should be developed.
5. User needs assessments should be conducted. The methodology for the needs assessments should include focus groups conducted with teachers and students for the purpose of identifying and /or verifying their VoD needs, and identifying other issues such as curriculum design relating to the service.
6. Formal liaisons with other related groups should be established. These groups include:
- NFB's CineRoute, a high-speed digital delivery pilot project designed to make NFB films available by request over the Internet.
- CANARIE's metadata project. (This project requires private sector involvement in all participant teams/applicants) § The Digital Media Institute, a research group focusing on all aspects of digital media. The members of the Institute include Ryerson, University of Toronto, Sheridan College and the Canadian Film Centre.
- Alberta Education's video streaming project. Alberta has submitted a funding proposal to CANARIE but has been advised that inter-provincial partnering would strengthen the proposal.
- Novanet, a consortium of academic libraries in Nova Scotia.
- SchoolNet, Industry Canada's initiative to ensure connectivity for all schools in Canada, as part of the 'Connecting Canadians' agenda. § UNB's (University of New Brunswick) Tele-education Project.
7. A preliminary partnership/funding overture has been directed at the Ontario Research and Innovation Optical Network (ORION) and Optical Research Advanced Networks Ontario (ORANO).
8. Demonstration Projects.